A change in the way you deal with other people Essay - 1

A change in the way you deal with other people - Essay Example It is rare indeed of a person who does not respond in kind or in the same manner, an aberration. It is the purpose of this paper to examine and discuss the phenomenon of dealing with people. Social scientists who wanted to study the attitudes and behaviors of people previously faced a serious quandary on how to effect positive change in them. However, because nobody in effect exists in a vacuum, it is used as a foundation or starting point to improve peoples lives by making changes in how they deal with other people. This change in attitude has many practical applications, such as in schools, in workplaces and in fact, in the day-to-day affairs of all of us. A teacher who faces a recalcitrant student needs to have patience to achieve positive change in the said student by a series of positive reinforcements, so to speak. A word of encouragement, praise and coupled with genuine interest and empathy can achieve far greater things in the student than using threats such as reporting him or her to the principal and to the parents. Many entrepreneurs and successful businessmen realize that their continued success to a great deal depends on how they deal with their customers and other stakeholders. Honesty in all their dealings will cause their customers to patronize their products and services; it begets loyalty and favorable word-of-mouth free advertising. A businessman who cheats his clients can do such perhaps only once; sooner or later, customers will wise up and stop buying. In other words, there is a circular causality in how we deal with other people; some call it as the law of karma or to put it more simply, what goes around, comes around. The causality is the basis for patterns of human behavior that in turn leads to interpersonal cycles (Negele, Fricke & Schulz, 2000, p. 320). There is a feedback mechanism in these cycles, and depending on the nature of the feedback, can either be positive (virtuous) or negative (vicious), with shorter

Creating a Business & capitalism Doubled spaced that equals five pages Essay

Creating a Business & capitalism Doubled spaced that equals five pages - Essay Example This research paper focuses on capitalism as an economic system and its effects. The types of capitalism and their advantages are also tackled in this document. As a business owner-owning a beauty parlor, critical analysis of how I can use my privately owned business and utilize capitalism to make the world a better place is discussed in details. Also, contained in this paper are the possible disadvantages of capitalists in case it is inappropriately practiced. Capitalism is an industrial term used to describe an economic system in which the centers of production, trade and industry are owned and operated by private individuals and not the state. All business operations regarding production, distribution and management are entirely carried out by individuals and private sectors. In capitalism systems, the government’s role is the provision of security, both internally and externally and solving disputes through a court of justice in the case of any disagreements in business terms. Other business activities including price determination of goods and services are typically determined by parties involved in the transactions. The degree of capitalism varies from state to state depending on the laws and regulations of the country. There are different types of capitalism. The existence of capitalism varies according to the region or country’s economic policies. Types of capitalism include mercantilism, free-market economy, social-market economy, state capitalism where the state is in power of production and distribution of goods and services for profit-making purposes, corporate capitalism and mixed economy. There are other minor variants of capitalism including crony capitalism. Crony capitalism describes a type of economy in which the success of a business lies in the relationship between business owners and governmental officials. Crony capitalism

Modern Day Technology Overview

Modern Day Technology Overview Misty F. Brown  Ã‚   Consumerization of IT Progresses in cell phone technology, operating frameworks, security, and applications can to a great extent be credited with beginning the movement known as consumerization of IT, or (CoIT). Despite the fact that consumerization is regularly connected with the capacity to use ones by and by possessed cell phone for business utilize, it goes past that to incorporate the utilization of any customer innovation in a business setting. In this manner, the issues that CoIT can convey to the table are more intricate than may show up at first look, however the extent of the pattern empowers plenty of positive business results too (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Mobile Application Explosion While a few organizations have just started to investigate the business advantages of portable arrangements and in this way may assess best of breed items that address their necessities, organizations advance along the way likely need a thorough versatile arrangement spreading over every one of these territories: versatile application stage, applications, portable undertaking administration, and versatile substance administration arrangements. Furthermore, an answer that is well coordinated and gave by a solitary seller can have the specialized and business benefits favored by these organizations. For instance, a MEAP stage firmly coordinated with existing portable applications permits less demanding and more complex customization of these applications. Additionally, portable applications nearly coordinated with portable venture administration programming frequently permit more hearty versatile security highlights and expository abilities that may not be attainable through point arra ngements from a variety of suppliers. Likewise, clients as often as possible lean toward a solitary merchant connection for more viable reasons like powerful client bolster and speedier resolutions to cross-arrangement specialized issues or required improvements (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Cloud Computing Since organizations are packed with representatives with capable cell phones and a high level of solace with utilizing them, portable application enablement ventures have begun in sincere. Organizations are hoping to convey not just applications and substance that their claim representatives can use for portable working however remotely confronting applications to accomplices and shoppers too. Distributed computing is an imperative outlook change that helps organizations leave on these portability extends in an all the more auspicious and savvy way. While in the past numerous innovation ventures required costly framework, usage, and preparing costs, distributed computing evacuates these obstructions by advertising the capacity to get up and running quick, with little in advance venture. Despite the fact that there is a time when the expenses between an on-preface and a cloud organization may level out, regularly, cloud models take into consideration speedier time to organization and the capacity to scale over time two vital components for most portability ventures (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). European Airline The aircraft business is very aggressive and cost cognizant; organizations must continuously take a stab at the most noteworthy consumer loyalty or hazard beat to another supplier. Albeit a portion of the issues that cause client dissatisfaction cant generally be kept away from for example, delays because of climate conditions anything an aircraft can do to diminish avoidable issues and keep clients educated is vital. The carrier seen this portability organization as an aggressive differentiator that would permit carrier specialists to give clients more elevated amounts of administration as a key goal. While the aircraft was amped up for the likelihood of empowering its portable specialists with instruments to enhance both their occupations and the client encounter, there were likewise a few genuine concerns. The versatile applications that the specialists would utilize connection to a few of the aircrafts most imperative and touchy frameworks including takeoff control, flight dat a, and traveler data. Worries around unapproved data remained high priority for the organization. While a portion of the potential negative results could simply be minor irritations, the carrier business holds the potential for intense issues also (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Before revealing the versatility methodology, it was basic that the aircraft found a way to oversee and control the hazard around the gadgets and applications containing this delicate data. The aircraft realized that having a robotized approach to do as such would be exceptionally essential, having taken in the wasteful aspects of manual ways to deal with cell phone whats more, application administration from a past organization. Since it was not yet prepared to make significant capital or staff interests in versatile administration foundation, the organization felt that a SaaS-based versatility arrangement supplier, for example, SAP accomplice VeliQ offered a convincing approach to plunge its toe in the water and after that scale up as required. Today, the carrier utilizes application administration to refresh and deal with the applications on the iPad and gadget administration for resource/arrangement administration, remote wipe/bolt, and approach administration. The sending of por table venture administration programming conveyed all the positive results accomplished by the portability extend, as it was basic to deal with the potential chance if the gadget was lost or stolen or arrived in the wrong hands. This association trusts that its portable application enablement extend controlled by versatile administration and security programming has given better client benefit and fulfillment, higher rates of client maintenance, and expanded income (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). PBS Coals The key test for PBS Coals focused on an underlying portability organization to give continuous access to business-basic investigation, assembling, and deals data from anyplace whenever. In an industry where unsteadiness is the standard, officials need to ensure they have the most up and coming data whenever to make the best choices for the business. This intrinsic instability of the mining business too powers the organization to search for approaches to guarantee costs remain under control (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). At the point when PBS Coals initially started considering its portability system, the choice to assess SAPs offerings in the space was driven by a need to use the same number of back-end frameworks as could be allowed. As the organization experienced the due persistence prepare, it discovered SAP as of now offered bundled iOS applications for a significant number of the business forms it needed to prepare, and different applications PBS Coals required were arranged. Likewise, the capacity to use the SAP Mobile Platform for other custom necessities was essential as was having the capacity to get a cell phone and application administration arrangement from one supplier (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). PBS Coals discovered joining forces with SAP spared time and cash in the following ways: Saved noteworthy improvement exertion by utilizing a few SAP portable bundled applications. Reduced mix time and many-sided quality by utilizing the prescribed procedures of a confided in supplier. Helped the administrators who utilize these applications in their everyday employments feel that they can settle on better choices quicker (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Verizon Verizon began offering managed versatility game plans in 2008. Meanwhile, Verizon intentionally solidified SAPs item into its client game plan. Verizon first joined together with SAP to use the SAP Afaria course of action; starting now and into the foreseeable future, Verizons answer has stretched out to consolidate SAP Mobile Platform for application progression. Verizon at initially picked SAP therefore of its experience and adaptability. According to Verizon, SAP offers the item convenience and capacities that make up the fundamental bits of its transportability game plan and moreover the cloud-based establishment perspectives that give customers versatile course of action models. SAPs cloud-based techniques enable Verizon to pass on and administer answers for customers with viability especially related to course of action and game plan fortification. Verizon believes the experience and reach of SAP help fortify its managed movability course of action, not simply in light of its value, but furthermore by broadening their customer reach (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). Mobility Paradigm Transportability is a champion among the most troublesome enlisting designs that the endeavor has expected to oversee in a long time. From setting aside the opportunity to assemble a far reaching versatile profile to creating application and security necessities over the organization, making a convenient technique is not a fundamental undertaking. Notwithstanding the numerous choices organizations need to work through in building up a versatile endeavor procedure, the efficiency change alone will rapidly profit ventures. With the unlimited exhibit of specialist co-ops and items in the market, endeavors must set aside the opportunity to comprehend the full extent of their portability needs first or hazard making foolhardy specialty item choices. The items and arrangements an undertaking picks must develop with its needs and supplement inside skills. While each organization must survey how its own necessities adjust to any one merchants items and administrations, the capacity to work w ith one supplier crosswise over a large number of these requirements will be seen by numerous clients as a convincing approach for the long-haul (Crook, Hopkins, 2013). References Crook, S.K. Hopkins, S. (2013). Sap enterprise mobility: bringing a cohesive approach to a complex market [PDF file]. Retrieved from iui course library.

Comparing Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

The Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job      Ã‚  Ã‚   The question of why bad things happen to good people has perplexed and angered humans throughout history. The most common remedy to ease the confusion is to discover the inflicter of the undeserved suffering and direct the anger at them: the horror felt about the Holocaust can be re-directed in the short term by transforming Adolf Hitler into Lucifer and vilifying him, and, in the long term, can be used as a healing device when it is turned into education to assure that such an atrocity is never repeated. What, however, can be done with the distasteful emotions felt about the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Surely the citizens of those two cities did not themselves directly provoke the government of the United States to deserve the horror of a nuclear attack. Can it be doubted that their sufferings were undeserved and should cause deep sorrow, regret, and anger? Yet for the citizens of the United States to confront these emotions they must also confront t he failings of their own government. A similar problem is found in two works of literature, Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound and the book of Job found in the Tanakh. In each of these works a good man is seen to be suffering at the hand of his god; Prometheus is chained to a rock by Zeus who then sends an eagle to daily eat Prometheus' liver while Job is made destitute and brought to endure physical pain through an agreement between God~ and Satan. To examine the travails of these two men is to discover two vastly different concepts of the relationship between god and man.    The first question which must be addressed is, "Why have these men been made to suffer?" To simply say that Zeus or God is displeased is not enough, and to say that Prometheus and Job have sinned is confusing. Most Western readers approach these works with a pre-conceived notion of sin which has been born out of the Judeo-Christian theological tradition a tradition which dictates that there are specific moral rules which must be followed, and to transgress them is to sin. While this interpretation of sin may be functional for a reading of Job, it is useless for understanding Prometheus Bound. Comparing Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays The Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job      Ã‚  Ã‚   The question of why bad things happen to good people has perplexed and angered humans throughout history. The most common remedy to ease the confusion is to discover the inflicter of the undeserved suffering and direct the anger at them: the horror felt about the Holocaust can be re-directed in the short term by transforming Adolf Hitler into Lucifer and vilifying him, and, in the long term, can be used as a healing device when it is turned into education to assure that such an atrocity is never repeated. What, however, can be done with the distasteful emotions felt about the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Surely the citizens of those two cities did not themselves directly provoke the government of the United States to deserve the horror of a nuclear attack. Can it be doubted that their sufferings were undeserved and should cause deep sorrow, regret, and anger? Yet for the citizens of the United States to confront these emotions they must also confront t he failings of their own government. A similar problem is found in two works of literature, Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound and the book of Job found in the Tanakh. In each of these works a good man is seen to be suffering at the hand of his god; Prometheus is chained to a rock by Zeus who then sends an eagle to daily eat Prometheus' liver while Job is made destitute and brought to endure physical pain through an agreement between God~ and Satan. To examine the travails of these two men is to discover two vastly different concepts of the relationship between god and man.    The first question which must be addressed is, "Why have these men been made to suffer?" To simply say that Zeus or God is displeased is not enough, and to say that Prometheus and Job have sinned is confusing. Most Western readers approach these works with a pre-conceived notion of sin which has been born out of the Judeo-Christian theological tradition a tradition which dictates that there are specific moral rules which must be followed, and to transgress them is to sin. While this interpretation of sin may be functional for a reading of Job, it is useless for understanding Prometheus Bound.

The Killer Angels: an Inside Look at the Battle of Gettysburg

The Killer Angels: An Inside Look at the Battle of Gettysburg The Killer Angels written by Michael Shaara, is a historical fiction novel that describes in great detail the events that took place during the battle of Gettysburg. In the forward we are given an in depth view of each of the main characters and key figures of the battle. For instance, we are told that that General Robert Edward Lee is an honest man with no vices who does not believe in slavery, he is also suffering from heart trouble. He leads the confederate army. And then we have Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain who has a brother, Thomas, who serves in the Twentieth Maine as an aide to his brother. The story begins on June 29th, 1863 with the introduction of a spy for the Confederate army. He comes to General Longstreet with information about the whereabouts of the Union army, who to Longstreet’s surprise, are nearby. This causes the Confederate army to reposition at Gettysburg. The battle begins on July 1st when the Confederates attack some of the Union army in the hills nearby Gettysburg. General Lee believes that the Confederates should be able to win this battle and engages the union armies utilizing varying tactics, he attacks the Union army’s left and right flanks and then attempts to divide they’re central strength to win the battle that way. But this method fails, the Union Army gained the upper hand when during the first day of battle they retreated and secured most of the higher ground giving them a fatal advantage. The story mainly follows the Confederates and General Lee as the protagonist, and it tells us what went wrong for them during this battle. We are given a detailed depiction of war tactics used during this time, and how the Union Army was able to win the battle by taking a defensive position on the higher hills of Gettysburg. The fact that the Union Army had higher ground coincides with the weapons that were utilized by both armies. Because the key losses that occurred took place when Chamberlain’s men ran out of ammunition and were successful only by charging their enemy with bayonets and when Pickett’s men attempted to charge the center strength of the Union army, I would say that momentum and visibility were key factors in a battle with the weapons that were available to them. It is also apparent that Lee’s heart problems seem to be affecting his decision- making throughout the story. Perhaps he has become more foolhardy with his own mortality so tangible. The amount of death and losses that the Confederates suffer seem to echo the thoughts he has of himself. It becomes quite apparent that the Confederate army will fail after General Longstreet’s continual insistence that they should swing southeast towards Washington, D. C. and take a defensive position. If General Lee had heeded Longstreet’s advice, perhaps the Confederate Army could have won the Civil War. In conclusion, The Killer Angels is a book that uses great detail and epic dialogue to describe the events that took place at the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It gives us a closer look at the tactics and strategies utilized by our forefathers during that time period and not only allows us a glimpse of the personalities of some of the key leaders of the Civil War but shows us how these personalities influenced this battle.

Embracing Diversity

Embracing diversity By:College:Course:Professor:Date:Anthropology is the scientific study of humans as social organisms and how they interact with each other in a social gathering or community set up. It entails the study of human ancient, current and cultural changes, physical stature, language characteristics and archaeology. An anthropologist interest lies in comprehending human diversity and way of life in an explicit manner. The four main branches of anthropology which include biological, cultural, archaeology and linguistic clearly elaborate what it entails to be human (Lavenda-2013). Biological anthropology talks of how the evolution of humans is genetically influenced and not enhanced by the surroundings. Cultural anthropology is centered on the study of structural system of individuals sharing a common belief or norm. Linguistic anthropology majorly revolves on the psychology of speech, composure and use in human beings. Moreover, archaeology constitutes of the systematic study of human remains through excavation, dating the human remains to know the period of existence and analysis. Anthropology is all about the acquaintance of the unfamiliar with proven facts and provides knowledge that deciphers facts from rumors.Cultural anthropology is a very enticing part of anthropology because it does not only enable one to acknowledge cultural diversity but also develop globally conscious individuals. As mentioned earlier, this part of anthropology explicitly looks human cultures, belief, daily activities, values, ideas, means of livelihood and parts of social and cognitive organization (Lavenda-2010). There are two means by which an anthropologist can study culture due to its abstract nature; empiricist approach, whereby he mainly relies on observation of the human behavior in a particular community set-up and subjective approach in which the researcher understands the structure of ideas and meanings that exist in a member a certain culture. The primitive perception that I personally had about humanity has been scraped off as a result of the in-depth study of cultural anthropology. Individuals and communities were initially characterized by their social, economical and political factors within their localities. Evolutionism has showed a conceptual comprise due to the easy interaction of individuals as a result of the modern evolution of technology that has made every corner of the world accessible to any person. The level of interactions between individuals from a similar ecology niche has almost become non-existence due to the replacement with television programs, movies and soci al electronic devices. Despite this, the social interaction circle has grown larger as a result of technology which enables an individual interact with more people different from parts of the world over a short period of time. This study has personally helped me get over the notion that Muslims are associated with terrorism. I initially felt fear when I was in an environment filled with Muslims; well, not Muslims alone but any individual wearing a veil. This mostly applied to Muslim women that wear the veils covering up their faces, leaving out the eyes. I can attribute this fear from to the society I grew in; I was used to my Christian community before I came to campus. The laws and beliefs we had were so strict that we feared other dominions, this seclusion was driven into us by the clergy; to make us believe that people that had different beliefs and practices were potential risks and could harm us at any time. The primitive notion that was instilled in me always had a bearing to this question; if they are good people, why do they find it relevant to cover their faces that much? The definite answer was that they had something to hide; not only secrets but sinister motives. Religious profiling and the threats that came to our country and get aired on national television also cultivated the fear in me. It would have never reached this point if my parents would not have been reacting to the issue with so much disgust as they used to do. My elementary and high school environments were more or less the same because all my schooling up to university level were based in the same strictly Christian district. There were some primitive practices we used to do that I now see them to have been very hurting if not shameful to the face of evolution and humanity at large; there was no shaking of hands or exchanging pleasantries with non-Christians, no accepting gifts from them and worst still, avoid all conversations. I can't imagine that I would literally snob them! I must admit that I had a tough time adjusting to the campus environment. I was always tensed in my first semesters when a non Christian would sit next t me. I remember a particular case when I came to a lecture late and found all seats occupied except one; next to Sikh, I literally missed that 2 hour lecture and had to struggle with my continuous assessment test. It is during that course that I made a turning point and my point was later boosted when I got to learn about anthropology. The struggle I had in my first continuous assessment test was the same one I had in the second. Ironically, the Sikh boy who I was evading was the same one that noticed my problem and came to help. At first I was adamant but with lack of options I thought; why not give it a try. I must admit that that is the sweetest memory I hold dear and use it to enlighten my rural folk later on. With that act of compassion I learnt that religion does or dress code does not define someone's character. Study of anthropology has helped know the value that I hold about my culture and the justifications I give to the are the same ones that any other person would give in support to their religion and culture. It also taught me that judging or profiling others because f ethnicity and background is a heinous notion; if everyone was to discriminate then the world would be an unbearable place to stay. All we could be witnessing are endless fights and ultimate wars. Cultural anthropology thus, aims at enabling the native of a particular culture objectively and rationally understands their own culture to deduce what makes them stand out from the other cultural groups hence upholding the aspect of self acceptance. Besides, it enables one apply the knowledge gained from familiarizing with different cultures to alleviate human challenges and misconceptions rather than causing ethnic conflicts. The collective study of different cultures enables scholars to identify the similarities and unique aspect of various cultures, hence embracing diversity.References:Robert H LavendaCore concept in cultural anthropologyRobert H LavendaAnthropology: What does it mean to be human?

Fantasy Publishers Who Want Your Manuscript (No Agent Required)

Fantasy Publishers Who Want Your Manuscript (No Agent Required) Authors of science fiction and fantasy, both aspiring and previously published, can submit work to a number of publishing companies that will consider unsolicited manuscripts. While most of these companies are smaller independent firms, a few are imprints of major players in the publishing industry. Whatever the case, these are reputable companies who provide authors with legitimate opportunities to have their work released. The odds for acceptance can, of course, be daunting due to the enormous volume of submissions all around, but these publishers will follow through with the authors they accept.These companies provide full-service publishing- marketing, distribution, sales, etc. They produce in-print and electronic formats, and some also offer their titles as audiobooks. All have helpful websites with clear submission guidelines.I have listed below most of the prominent companies that accept unsolicited works of science fiction and fantasy. The publishers are listed in alphabetica l order and their respective websites are provided. It is important to note that there are undoubtedly other publishers who provide similar services, but these are among the best. Moreover, because a number of publishers who have offered these services in the past are not currently accepting unsolicited submissions, or have in fact completely discontinued accepting unsolicited work, it follows that I have not included them in this list.There are multiple fantasy publishers who will consider your work for publication, no agent required! Photo by Johannes Plenio on Unsplash.BaenBaen Books is a long-time publisher of science fiction and fantasy works, releasing titles in hard copy and electronic format. The company prefers manuscripts with 100,000-130,000 words, but will make the occasional exception for shorter works of exceptional quality. Baen does not require queries, preferring instead to receive full-length manuscripts with synopses included. It should be noted, though, that the wait time for a response is longer than would be expected at most other publishers, stretching to as much as a year. With editorial offices located in Wake Forest, North Carolina, Baen is distributed by Simon Schuster in both the U.S. and Canada.DAW BooksDAW Books, an imprint of Penguin, is a distinguished publisher of science fiction and fantasy. When the company was founded by Donald and Elsie Wollheim in 1971, it was the first publisher committed solely to the genres. Many acclaimed authors of science fiction and fantasy enjoyed initial success as writers for DAW. The company is also proud of its comprehensive record of diversity, welcoming and publishing works from and about minorities, LGBTQIA, etc. DAW reviews only full-length manuscripts, almost always with a minimum of 80,000 words. The submissions must be exclusive, although that stipulation may be dropped if specific negotiations have been completed with a literary agent, or if the manuscript review lasts longer than thre e months.EdgeBased in Calgary, Canada, Edge Science Fiction and Fantasy Publishing specializes in publishing full-length manuscripts, as well as anthologies and collections. The company releases titles in paperback and e-book formats only. It has a large roster of authors, many of whom have been grant and award winners or nominees. The company requires that submissions number between 75,000 and 100,000 words, and it will not consider any submission that includes more than three sample chapters. Response time can be as long as three months.Immanion PressImmanion Press is looking for new works of science fiction and fantasy from both aspiring and published writers. The company was established in 2003 and is located in Stafford, UK. To be considered, manuscripts must number between 50,000 and 120,000 words. Immanion prefers that submissions are sent electronically and that no more than 30 pages of text are sent initially.Jo Fletcher BooksLocated in London, UK, Jo Fletcher Books publish es in a number of genres, but will accept unsolicited submissions only in the genres of science fiction, fantasy, and horror. While not one of the largest publishers in these genres, the company nonetheless boasts a strong roster of writers, many of whom are award winners. Released in hard copy and as e-books, some of the titles are also available as audiobooks. Submissions will be accepted by email only and must not be more than 10,000 words or the first three chapters of a book.Jolly Fish PressLocated in Mendota Heights, Minnesota, Jolly Fish Press was founded in 2011 and became an imprint of North Star Editions in 2016. The company publishes primarily in paperback and e-book formats. It specializes solely in middle-school and young adult books, and science fiction is among the genres that it accepts. Submissions must be sent electronically and must include three chapters of the book plus a concise synopsis.Literary WanderlustLiterary Wanderlust was founded in 2014 and is located in Denver, Colorado. The company publishes works in several genres and most full-length manuscripts must range between 65,000 and 100,00 words. However, any science fiction or fantasy that might interest the publisher will only be reviewed if the manuscripts are somewhat longer. There are no length restrictions for non-fiction and short stories.Montag Press CollectiveLocated in San Francisco, California, Montag Press publishes novels and plays in a comprehensive variety of fiction genres, including science fiction and fantasy. The company releases its works primarily in paperback and e-book formats. Montag will only consider completed, full-length mauscripts, with novels numbering at least 70,000 words and plays numbering between 90 and 140 pages. All submissions must include a full synopsis of the work.Polis BooksFounded in 2013 by Jason Pinter, a veteran publishing-industry professional, and located in New York City, Polis Books is an independent publisher that releases new works in a variety of genres, including science fiction and fantasy. Because the company receives an inordinately large amount of submissions it limits its responses only to those queries that generate significant interest. Submissions should include three chapters from the novel. Polis publishes in both hard copy and digital formats and is distributed by Publishers Group West, the largest distributor for independent publishers in the U.S.Quirk BooksQuirk Books, founded in 2002, is a boutique publisher that releases only 25 books per year, both in hard copy and digitally. Located in Philadelphia, the company publishes works in several different genres, including science fiction. It will consider digital inquiries only and does not specify in its submission guidelines a range for the number of words in manuscripts that it accepts.Stairway PressStairway Press is an independent publisher located in Apache Junction, Arizona. The company seeks quality manuscripts in several genres, including s cience fiction. Although it is a full-service company like the other indie publishers, Stairway asks aspiring authors to submit manuscripts with an accompanying marketing plan. The company does not place a limit on the number of words in a submission.Talos PressTalos Press, an imprint of Skyhorse Publishing, specializes in science fiction, fantasy, and horror. Founded in 2013 and located in New York City, a number of its authors have written best sellers or been considered for Nebula Awards. Although the company requires only one or two chapters in initial submissions, authors must be prepared to send a completed manuscript if Talos contacts them for follow-up. Response time is generally four to six weeks if the company is interested in an author.Tartarus PressOn its website, Tartarus Press does not mention science fiction as one of the specific genres that it publishes. The company does however release titles in related genres, such supernatural and horror, and is looking for manus cripts of 75,000-120,000 words. Submissions can be sent electronically or by regular mail and should not exceed three chapters of a novel.Tell-Tale PublishingFounded in 2009 and located in the small town of Swartz Creek, Michigan, Tell-Publishing publishes works of fiction, including science fiction and fantasy, under several imprints. The company releases titles in print, e-book, and audiobook formats. Tell-Tale has a full page on its website that contains explicit instructions on how to ensure proper grammar and punctuation in any submission. Authors are also required to fill out a submission form and must not initially send more than three chapters of a book.The Parliament HouseBased in south Florida, The Parliament House was founded in 2016 by Shayne Leighton, a marketing professional and former best-selling author on Amazon. The company specializes in quirky, cutting-edge fantasy and will consider manuscripts only if they have already been meticulously edited and are between 50 ,000 and 140,000 words. Submissions must include the first three chapters of the novel and everything must be printed in the body of an email that includes no attachments.

College SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need

College SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Maybe you already know your top college choice. Now you want to know what SAT score you need to get into your dream school. Unfortunately, there’s no simple answer. Generally, there is no SAT score requirement that guarantees you admission, especially for the most selective colleges. Conversely, there usually isn’t an SAT score that will automatically disqualify you from admission because schools use holistic admissions. Your application will be evaluated on your GPA, extracurricular activities, recommendations, personal essay, and SAT score. However, your SAT score will significantly increase or decrease your likelihood of admission, and you can use available statistics to determine the SAT score you need to improve your chances of being able to attend a certain college. Colleges generally say that they don't have SAT requirements, but if you get an 800 and want to go to Harvard, statistically, you have nearly a 0% chance of gaining admission. In this article, I will discuss SAT score requirements and how your SAT score impacts the college admissions process. Will Your SAT Score Guarantee Your College Admission? Alone, your SAT score can't guarantee your college acceptance. At the most selective schools, even students with perfect SAT scores are routinely rejected. Remember that your SAT score is only one component of your application, albeit a very important one. An article from a 2013 edition of Stanford Magazine stated that 69% of Stanford applicants from the previous 5 years with perfect 2400 SAT scores (on the old test) were denied admission. And, since then, the overall acceptance rate to Stanford has dropped even lower. While your SAT score alone can't guarantee your admission to a specific college, there are colleges where your SAT score combined with your GPA can guarantee admission. For California students, at the University of California, if your grades and standardized test scores combined are in the top 9% of California high school graduates and you're not accepted to any of the UC campuses you apply to, you'll be offered a spot at another campus if space is available. Additionally, other states have guaranteed admission at some or all of their public universities if you obtain a certain GPA and SAT score. Some of the states that offer guaranteed admission include Iowa, Nevada, Texas, and Missouri. You should check the admissions requirements on a college's website to see if there is a similar program and to find out the GPA and SAT score requirements for automatic admission. What Score Do You Need to Increase Your Chances of Admission? The SAT score required to improve your odds of gaining admission to a school varies depending on the school. Generally, you should aim for at least the 75th percentile SAT score of that college for your score to positively influence your application. Most schools publish their 25th and 75th percentile scores. The logic behind this strategy is that if your SAT score is well above the score of the majority of students at the school, then your SAT score will undoubtedly help you when your application is evaluated. Remember that if you score above the 75th percentile for a school, then you've scored higher than at least 75% of the students who go there. Your scores will compare favorably to those of current students and that will significantly improve your chances of getting in. Even during the years when Stanford rejected 69% of applicants with perfect SAT scores, the 31% acceptance rate for students with perfect SAT scores was much, much higher than the overall acceptance rate. During that time, the acceptance rate was 6%-8%. Students who got perfect SAT scores gave themselves a dramatically better chance of being accepted than if they had gotten an average score for a Stanford applicant. If your SAT score is closer to the 25th percentile, then another component of your application should be outstanding to have a realistic shot at admission. If your score is significantly lower than the 25th percentile, your odds of getting in are very slim. How to Find a School's 25th/75th Percentile SAT Scores To find a school's 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores, you can use the PrepScholar database. We've done the work for you. On your favorite search engine, you can plug in "(school name) SAT requirements prepscholar" and you'll get the answers you're looking for. For example, if you're searching for UCLA, just Google "UCLA SAT requirements prepscholar." Here is all the information for Stanford University. For another example, here is all the information for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Also, you should find out a school's policy regarding score choice and superscoring. PrepScholar college profiles provide that info to you as well. How to Determine Your SAT Target Score When preparing for your SAT, you should have a target score in mind. Your target score can influence your studying, test-taking strategies, and motivate you to keep improving your SAT skills. Here's how to determine your SAT target score. Make a list of the schools you're interested in applying to. The average of their 75th percentile SAT scores will be your target score. To determine your section target scores, divide your SAT target score by 2. If you're applying to an engineering or science program, your math score can be slightly higher. Similarly, if you're applying to a humanities program, your reading and writing score can be slightly higher. For more specific information about SAT target scores, check out the post on what's a good SAT score. Will Getting a Low SAT Score Prevent You From Going to College? Getting a low SAT score may prevent you from getting into the college of your dreams, but it shouldn't stop you from going to college. There are a number of schools that don't require SAT scores at all. Also, most community colleges don't require SAT scores. You always have the option of going to a 2-year college and transferring to a 4-year university. Keep in mind that if you do poorly on your SAT, high grades in college prep classes can compensate for low test scores. How well you do in four years of high school is more important to colleges than how well you do on one standardized test. However, if you want to compete in NCAA sports, there are minimum SAT and ACT scores you need to be eligible to compete. It's still possible to get into college if you have low SAT scores. There may not be strict SAT requirements for specific colleges or college in general, but doing well on your SAT should give you more college options and increase your likelihood that you'll be admitted to the colleges you want to attend. What's Next? For those of you still hoping to reach your SAT target score, read these articles on how to improve your SAT score and how to get a perfect SAT score. Also, learn how to build the most versatile college application. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Justin Berkman About the Author Justin has extensive experience teaching SAT prep and guiding high school students through the college admissions and selection process. He is firmly committed to improving equity in education and helping students to reach their educational goals. Justin received an athletic scholarship for gymnastics at Stanford University and graduated with a BA in American Studies. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.12f4fc85-5e62-4658-980a-61e8f98f2b17'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

How to Pronounce Shenzhen, One of Chinas Major Cities

How to Pronounce Shenzhen, One of China's Major Cities Since Shenzhen was designated the first Special Economic Zone and an experiment in market capitalism in China in 1980, it has appeared frequently in Western news media. Today, it has a population of around 10 million people, with about twice that many in the larger metropolitan area. Considering that the city had little more than 300,000 citizens in 1980, its one of the fastest growing cities on record, even though the growth has recently slowed down considerably. The city was chosen as a Special Economic Zone because of its proximity to Hong Kong. Shenzhen is written æ · ±Ã¥Å" ³ in Chinese, which means deep and ditch (between fields). Were going to provide a quick and dirty explanation of how to pronounce the name so you have a rough idea of how to say it, followed by a more detailed description, including analysis of common errors. The Easy Way to Learn to Pronounce  Shenzhen Most Chinese cities have names with two characters (and therefore two syllables). Heres a brief description of the sounds involved:   Shen - Pronounce sh in sheep plus an as in an appleZhen - Pronounce as j in jungle plus an as in an apple If you want to have a go at the tones, they are high, flat, and falling respectively. Note:  This pronunciation is  not  correct pronunciation in Mandarin. It is our best effort to write the pronunciation using English words. To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing  names in Chinese  can be very hard if you havent studied the language; sometimes, its hard even if you have. Many letters used to write the sounds in Mandarin (called  Hanyu Pinyin) dont match the sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess the pronunciation will lead to many mistakes. Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand.   How to Actually Pronounce Shenzhen If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography (i.e., how the letters relate to the sounds). There are many  traps and pitfalls in Pinyin  you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the two syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: ShÄ“n (first tone): The initial is a retroflex, unaspirated, fricative. What does that mean? It means that it should feel like the tongue is slightly curled backwards as when saying right, and then pronounce a hissing sound (such as when urging someone to be quiet with Shhh!) This is close to sh in sheep, but the tongue tip is farther back. The final is reasonably easy to get right and sounds close to the short description above (an in an apple).Zhà ¨n  (fourth tone): This syllable is fairly easy to get right if you get the shen right. The only difference between the two is that zhen has a small stop in front of the hissing sound; you can think about it as a small and rather soft t. This type of sound is called an affricate, a combination between a stop and a fricative. The final part is pronounced the same as in shen. The are some variations for these sounds, but ShÄ“nzhà ¨n (æ · ±Ã¥Å" ³) can be written like this in IPA: [Ê‚É™n tÊ‚É™n] Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce ShÄ“nzhà ¨n (æ · ±Ã¥Å" ³). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry, there arent that many sounds. Once you learn the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

People on organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

People on organization - Essay Example In a team, there are conditions that can lead to positive results. However, negative impacts are also unavoidable within teams. In this paper, the conditions of positive and negative results are illustrated with respect to negotiations with teams. This illustration aims at determining the fact that a team is not just a group of individuals with a crowd mentality about a common issue. This is because there are many factors that are responsible for developing a team, and these factors include the kind of skills that members of a team have, the motivational policy that is put in place to encourage members of a team in to working hard. These are some of the factors responsible for developing a team, and there are many more. There are many advantages of a team than there could be possible limitations of the same. In management, organizing employees into teams and coordinating their effort has an advantage of increasing the productivity of a business. The improvement in productivity is as a result of the synergy generated within the team. The synergy is built up as a result of a coordinated effort among the members of the team. Since a team relies on a coordinated effort, specialization within a team is highly imperative. This means that a team can comprise of members that perform specific specialized subtask that will be joined with the efforts of others to complete one whole task. In specialization, the team becomes more efficient since the actions performed by each member are limited to their scope and easy for them to achieve (Baldwin & Migneault 1996). Delegation of duty is another important aspect of teams. In management, team leaders can decide to allocate different tasks to members as they deem fit. The criteria used in delegation can be based on talent and capacity of the different members of a group. The result of this effective delegation process is that each member will be awarded

Describe the ideas and influence of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim as Essay

Describe the ideas and influence of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim as these may relate to an understanding of management in society - Essay Example he thesis and antithesis in this he meant that in a society there were those who have control of property or goods that is bourgeoisie and those who work that is proletariat. He said that in these two groups there is conflict of interest as they have to define how a society has to be constructed. (Karl, 1989, pp, 78) This will mean that in such society there will be no owners of property and workers as this will be have dealt with. But the problem with revolution stage is that all individuals are supposed to be workers so that there are rulers and workers but it could not work because he later learnt that not all workers could be valued equally in society, this is because those who owned knowledge were seen to be in power in advanced societies. Therefore, indication of having equality could not work. But he said that with violent conflict then these two groups would completely do away with classes in society. He had a theory on capitalism, the means of production would result in violent of revolutions and the results in this would be an ideal society that is a communistic society. He came up with measures that could be used for reformation and they include: abolition of real estate rights, the progressive income taxation, abolition of inheritance rights, state ownership of the media, nationaliza tion of bank, confiscation of all properties belonging to enemies of communism, state production planning, equal obligation of all individuals to work, abolition of the distinction between town and free education. He said that with these changes then it will be possible to have a classless society. He believed also that human morality was determined by social structure of the state because the social structure was based on control of material goods and economics and therefore he claimed that morality is determined by means of production and distribution. (Hughes, shamrock and martin, 2003, pp, 35).He said that industry is the highest form of human

Biomes and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biomes and Diversity - Essay Example The plants and animals of the earth are also important because of the recreational pleasure they provide us with. More people in America spend time watching wildlife than they do watching  movies  or sports†. In a way, people would benefit more in practical ways from the preservation of biodiversity. â€Å"At its heart, rewilding is based on living with the monster under the bed, since the big, scary animals that frightened us in childhood, and still do, are the fierce guardians of biodiversity. Without wolves, wolverines, grizzlies, black bears, mountain lions and jaguars, wild populations shift toward the herbivores, who proceed to eat plants into extinction, taking birds, bees, reptiles, amphibians and rodents with them. A tenet of ecology states that the world is green because carnivores eat herbivores. Yet the big carnivores continue to die out because we fear and hunt them and because they need more room than we preserve and connect.†Ã‚   Re-wilding is then done so that biodiversity survives and can expand to make produce more environmentally healthy habitats. If life a healthy habitat and ecosystem could be developed, the re-growth of natural environments for wildlife can help make a cleaner and healthier world to live in as long as human activities that negate biodiversity are lessened as well. Ganly, S. (2007) The Impact of Wildlife Extinction and the Importance of  Biodiversity. Retrieved from

Smoking in public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking in public - Essay Example Pope Urban vii banned tobacco consumption in porch ways and church, where he did not allow any form of consumption of the said drug. This was through chewing, sniffing, and most importantly smoking, which is the main concern here (Trex). To end public smoking, the penalty was excommunication from the church, and this is the first and earliest documented instance of concern over public smoking. King James, who looked to establish a smoke-free England due to what he labeled as an uncouth practice, raised further concerns in England. King James labeled smoking as a custom of slavish Indians that was loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose and dangerous to the lungs, as well as harmful to the brain (Trex). The king further went on to raise taxes and tariffs on tobacco to achieve his dream of a tobacco-free England. In most recent times, concerns have been raised over smoking in public, which has led to the ban of tobacco use, in public, in many cities across the globe. There are two op posing sides on the ban of smoking in public, where there are those who agree with the ban and those that are against it. Those that do not agree with banning of smoking in public places have a number of beliefs that are backed by solid evidence. To those who are opposed to the ban, denying smokers the right to smoke in public is a form of discrimination against a minority. This is considering that those that smoke are a minority of the global population, whereas non-smokers make the bulk of the population. By not allowing public smoking, smokers are deprived equal rights to engage in their pleasurable activities at will and freely. They also view as a form of discrimination considering that it is a very small number of people that make decisions on the ban on public smoking. In addition, they are of the opinion that there are worse conditions out there in the world than smoking. As a result, they view it as a waste of time banning smoking rather than handling other conditions, that research describes as dangerous and as an epidemic, such as obesity and alcohol abuse. Banning smoking in public is viewed as a decline in democracy and tolerance in the society, where the two are supposed to work hand in hand for the good of the society (Mallon). As such, the rights of the minority smokers are infringed due to propaganda that smoking is bad for one’s health while it is one’s choice to either smoke or not smoke. Those opposed against smoking in public argue that banning smoking in public bears numerous health benefits. Arguments are that it reduces risks of heart attacks in younger individuals and those that do not engage in smoking activities. This is because coming into contact with smoke raises the chances of heart attacks by 26% as researchers say. For non-smokers, banning smoking in public is said to improve their health as exposure to secondary smoke tends to make the blood sticky; thus, increasing the chances of suffering a heart attack ( "Banning Smoking In Public Places†). In addition, for those that would like to quit smoking, the ban is welcome. This is because the ban prevents the temptation to smoke, which results in their ceasing of the smoking habit. The consequences of smoking in public, especially following the ban are high; thus act as a deterrent against smoking, which makes it easy for smokers to

Business skills(IT SKILLS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business skills(IT SKILLS) - Essay Example Presenting these studied facts and figures of the opposite party during the course of negotiation, shows the awareness of the negotiator and prohibits exaggerated statements from the other party. It also portrays a better picture of the negotiator on the other party. Points to be discussed and emphasised should be sorted out before the negotiation deal. Arguments on each point should be worked out. This exercise will save the time and confusion and also save the discussion session from getting bore. Documentary proofs of the facts should be kept and presented when required, to generate confidence. Enough opportunity should be given to the other party to present its views. This may lead to some points which the negotiator planned to discuss, but are automatically agreed upon by the other party. Behaviour of an expert negotiator during the meeting may always remain clam and friendly. Even if unpleasant things go on, he or she should keep cool and try to mould the things in his or her favour. Negotiator should never show extreme gestures like over-excitement, or perturbed. A good negotiator should be a good listener. An expert negotiator peeps into the eyes of the other party while presenting his or her views. This is a psychological action.

Primark and the 5 Gaps Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Primark and the 5 Gaps Model - Essay Example Primark is famous because they sell their items of clothing at budget end prices of the market. This is the main reason of success of Primark as they supply their sources cheaply. The clothing they have is of simple fabrics and designs. Sizes of the clothes are of the standards sizes and they make it in bulks with different types of varieties (About us- Primark, 2010). These are some of the brands of Primark (About us- Primark, 2010): Atmosphere — Women wear/footwear Active - menswear Backswing - Women and men’s sportswear Butler & Webb — formal menswear Cedar wood State — casual menswear Denim Co. — women wear, casual men's and children’s wear Early Days — baby wear (newborn-23mnths) Essentials - basic cheaper items Girl 2 Girl — young girls wear (2yrs-7yrs) Limited Edition — women wear Competitors of Primark The main competitors of Primark are all the fashion retail stores such as Marks and Spencer, John and Lewis, Zara ’s and other such brand retail stores. The difference between Primark and its competitors are that Primark has adopted a low cost strategy in fashion retailing and its competitors are high priced. ... The type of services provided by the organisation is at times very difficult to measure as service is an intangible thing (Wisniewski, 2001). There have been many definitions discussed on the term service quality and the most common ones are the service quality is the meeting of the expectation of the needs of the customers (Lewis and Mitchell, 1990). It should be strongly adhered by all organisations that they should constantly work upon improving their service quality so that they can attain a large customer base. The type of services provided by the organisation has to be valued against the perceived service by the customer. In other words it is the difference between the expectations of a customer of the service and the perceived service (Asubonteng et al., 1996). All service organisations need to match up to the expectation level of the customers so that they have a good perception level of the organisation. If the customers have expected vey high and the performance is not up t o the level, then dissatisfaction is observed from the customer (Parasuraman et al., 1985). Organisations need to constantly work upon improving their standards of service delivery so that they can attain a high level of customer satisfaction from their valuable customers (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). Reasons for Primark’s Success In the midst of high competition in the fashion retail market, Primark has successfully managed to overcome their tough competitors such as Marks & Spencer, John & Lewis and other such fashion retail stores. The reasons for Primark’s success are as follows: Primark implemented the low cost strategy in their organisation and this strategy worked perfectly for them. In the time periods of high inflation, everyone has to work upon their budgets; they cannot

Business skills(IT SKILLS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business skills(IT SKILLS) - Essay Example Presenting these studied facts and figures of the opposite party during the course of negotiation, shows the awareness of the negotiator and prohibits exaggerated statements from the other party. It also portrays a better picture of the negotiator on the other party. Points to be discussed and emphasised should be sorted out before the negotiation deal. Arguments on each point should be worked out. This exercise will save the time and confusion and also save the discussion session from getting bore. Documentary proofs of the facts should be kept and presented when required, to generate confidence. Enough opportunity should be given to the other party to present its views. This may lead to some points which the negotiator planned to discuss, but are automatically agreed upon by the other party. Behaviour of an expert negotiator during the meeting may always remain clam and friendly. Even if unpleasant things go on, he or she should keep cool and try to mould the things in his or her favour. Negotiator should never show extreme gestures like over-excitement, or perturbed. A good negotiator should be a good listener. An expert negotiator peeps into the eyes of the other party while presenting his or her views. This is a psychological action.

National General Certificate syllabus Essay Example for Free

National General Certificate syllabus Essay Syllabus summary – National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety January 2013 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Structure The syllabus is divided into 3 units. Unit NGC1 is further divided into five elements and Unit GC2 into eight elements. Unit NGC1: Management of health and safety Element Number Element Title Recommended hours Page 1 Foundations in health and safety 6 4 2 Health and safety management systems Policy 4 4 3 Health and safety management systems Organising 6 5 4 Health and safety management systems – Planning 11 5 5 Health and safety management systems Measuring, audit and review 9 6 Minimum unit tuition time 36 Recommended private study time 23  © NEBOSH 2013 1 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC2: Control of workplace hazards Element Number Element Title Recommended hours Page 1 Workplace hazards and risk control 8 7 2 Transport hazards and risk control 4 7 3 Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control 6 8 4 Work equipment hazards and risk control 6 8 5 Electrical safety 3 9 6 Fire safety 6 9 7 Chemical and biological health hazards and risk control 6 10 8 Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control 3 10 Minimum unit tuition time 42 Recommended private study time 26  © NEBOSH 2013 2 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC3: Health and safety practical application Recommended Hours Page Health and safety practical application 2 11 Minimum unit tuition time 2 Recommended private study time 4 Minimum total tuition time 80 Recommended total private study time 53 Total overall hours 133 Element Number 1 Element Title  © NEBOSH 2013 3 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit NGC1: Management of health and safety Element 1: Foundations in health and safety Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety ï‚ · Explain the moral, social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health and safety in the workplace ï‚ · Explain the role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of health and safety. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 2: Health and safety management systems 1 Policy Learning Outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the key elements of a health and safety management system ï‚ · Explain the purpose and importance of setting policy for health and safety ï‚ · Describe the key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy. Recommended tuition time not less than 4 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 4 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 3: Health and safety management systems 2 Organising Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, managers, supervisors, workers and other relevant parties ï‚ · Explain the concept of health and safety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an organisation ï‚ · Outline the human factors which influence behaviour at work in a way that can affect health and safety ï‚ · Explain how health and safety behaviour at work can be improved ï‚ · Outline the need for emergency procedures and the arrangements for contacting emergency services. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 4: Health and safety management systems 3 Planning Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Explain the importance of planning in the context of health and safety management systems ï‚ · Explain the principles and practice of risk assessment ï‚ · Explain the general principles of control and a basic hierarchy of risk reduction measures ï‚ · Identify the key sources of health and safety information ï‚ · Explain what factors should be considered when developing and implementing a safe system of work for general activities ï‚ · Explain the role and function of a permit-to-work system. Recommended tuition time not less than 11 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 5 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 5: Health and safety management systems 4 Measuring, audit and review Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the principles, purpose and role of active and reactive monitoring ï‚ · Explain the purpose of, and procedures, for health and safety auditing ï‚ · Explain the purpose of, and procedures for, investigating incidents (accidents, cases of work-related ill-health and other occurrences) ï‚ · Describe the legal and organisational requirements for recording and reporting incidents ï‚ · Explain the purpose of, and procedures for, regular reviews of health and safety performance. Recommended tuition time not less than 9 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 6 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC2: Element 1: Control of international workplace risks Workplace hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline common health, welfare and work environment requirements in the workplace ï‚ · Explain the risk factors and appropriate controls for violence at work ï‚ · Explain the effects of substance misuse on health and safety at work and control measures to reduce such risks ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures for the safe movement of people in the workplace ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures for safe working at height ï‚ · Outline the hazards and control measures for temporary works. Recommended tuition time not less than 8 hours Element 2: Transport hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures for the safe movement of vehicles in the workplace ï‚ · Outline the factors associated with driving at work that increases the risk of an incident and the control measures to reduce work-related driving risks. Recommended tuition time not less than 4 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 7 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 3: Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Explain work processes and practices that may give rise to work-related upper limb disorders and appropriate control measures ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures which should be considered when assessing risks from manual handling activities ï‚ · Explain the hazards and controls to reduce the risk in the use of lifting and moving equipment with specific reference to manually-operated load moving equipment ï‚ · Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of lifting and moving equipment with specific reference to powered load handling equipment. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 4: Work equipment hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline general requirements for work equipment ï‚ · Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held tools ï‚ · Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical hazards of machinery ï‚ · Explain the main control methods for reducing risk from machinery hazards. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 8 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 5: Electrical hazards and control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity in the workplace ï‚ · Outline the control measures that should be taken when working with electrical systems or using electrical equipment in all normal workplace conditions. Recommended tuition time not less than 3 hours Element 6: Fire hazards and control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Describe the principles of fire initiation, classification and spread ï‚ · Outline the principles of fire risk assessment ï‚ · Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and the prevention of fire spread in buildings ï‚ · Outline the appropriate fire alarm system and fire-fighting arrangements for a simple workplace ï‚ · Outline the factors which should be considered when implementing a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 9 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 7: Chemical and biological health hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the forms of, the classification of, and health risks from exposure to hazardous substances ï‚ · Explain the factors to be considered when undertaking an assessment of the health risks from substances commonly encountered in the workplace ï‚ · Describe the use and limitations of occupational exposure limits including the purpose of long term and short term exposure limits ï‚ · Outline control measures that should be used to reduce the risk of ill-health from exposure to hazardous substances ï‚ · Outline the hazards, risks and controls associated with specific agents ï‚ · Outline the basic requirements related to the safe handling and storage of waste. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 8: Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the health effects associated with exposure to noise and appropriate control measures ï‚ · Outline the health effects associated with exposure to vibration and appropriate control measures ï‚ · Outline the principal health effects associated with ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic protection techniques ï‚ · Outline the meaning, causes and effects of work-related stress and appropriate control actions. Recommended tuition time not less than 3 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 10 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC3: Health and safety practical application Learning outcomes ï‚ · Demonstrate the ability to apply knowledge of the unit NGC1 and GC2 syllabus, by successful completion of a health and safety inspection of a workplace ï‚ · Complete a report to management regarding the inspection with recommendations. Content This unit contains no additional syllabus content. However, completion of study for unit NGC1 and GC2 is recommended in order to undertake the practical application unit GC3. Link to examination unit(s) Unit GC3 is not normally offered independently of the taught elements. Students will normally be required to complete the GC3 assessment within 10 working days (before or after) of sitting the examination for Units NGC1 and/or GC2.  © NEBOSH 2013 11 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit Assessment Units NGC1 and GC2 are taught units each assessed by one two-hour written examination. Each examination consists of ten ‘short-answer’ questions and one ‘long-answer’ question. All questions are compulsory. Candidate scripts are marked by external examiners appointed by NEBOSH. Unit GC3 is assessed by a practical assessment; the time to complete the assessment is not restricted but candidates should aim to complete the inspection and the report within two hours. This is held on a date set by the course provider and must be taken within 10 working days of a written examination. The practical assessment is internally assessed by the course provider and externally moderated by NEBOSH. Further details The full syllabus and further information regarding the practical unit is available in the NEBOSH Guide to the qualification available for purchase via the NEBOSH website (www.nebosh.org.uk). NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety Version: 1 Specification date: January 2013 Syllabus summary publication date: September 2013 The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH), Dominus Way, Meridian Business Park, Leicester LE19 1QW. Registered Charity Number: 1010444 Telephone: Fax: Email: Website: +44 (0) 116 263 4700 +44 (0) 116 282 4000 [emailprotected] www.nebosh.org.uk NGC SS180913  © NEBOSH 2013 12

Negative effects of illegal immigration

Negative effects of illegal immigration Identify the negative effects of illegal immigration. Offer a solution of how illegal immigration could be reduced. Illegal immigration is the movement of people across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country. It involves crossing international political borders through water, land and air inappropriately. Also here we can include the entrance to another country in the right way but refusing to leave after the expiry of the visa. The effects of immigration are felt strongly in states where large numbers of immigrants have settled in relation to others. Illegal immigration affects the Nation and the lives of the natives in different ways and such negative effects are: Crimes that is committed from illegal immigrants when they related in criminal activities which lead to increase crime rates. Such criminal activities are the dealing with drugs and the stealing of identification documents from the citizens to enable them get work. Another effect is that they utilize social services such as schools and health insurance and the result is that the government has to bear the costs from the utility of those services. Trafficking and exploitation affect also the nation because immigrants smuggle people into it. Many people every year are smuggled into the countries and most of them have no legal documents or have their papers and identification documents taken by those who smuggle them in, especially women and children. Exploiters can force women to do illegal jobs under payment and under their working conditions. The young children are traded in the market for adoption with mafias coordinating the activities and the majority of them are trafficked to be sold off to those people who are not interested in going through the process of legal adoption. Another problem is the diseases because most illegal immigrants do not undertake the necessary medical testing and that results to carrying illnesses into their host countries. The competition between the illegal immigrants and the citizens of the country on the job opportunities that were available and that happens because the illegal immigrants accept less than the required minimum payment and do the job without asking other benefits such as insurance. Another thing that we have to notice here is that illegal immigrants accept to do a job that other citizens are not willing to do, thats why the economy depends on them. All these results negative to the citizens because the employers prefer to hire someone with low payment and without insurance covering. Illegal immigrants cause many damages to the people personal properties and to the public areas. Such damages are: the stealing of properties, break into peoples houses, vandalize public areas etc. and that damages must covered from the citizens or from the government. Some areas become very dangerous because of the big percentage of illegal immigrants and these areas are insecure for people to go there for work or for a walk such as Omonoia square in Athens. It is very difficult to find a solution for the illegal immigration but there are some methods of reducing it. One method is to building security barriers on the borders to prevent immigrants from entering the country illegally. The borders, sea and land should be checked more strictly. The police can play an important role by arresting those immigrants when they are found to be in the country illegally without the proper documents and send them back to their countries. Also police should arrest those people who help them to pass illegally in the country. The national authorities must be always informed in cases that illegal immigrants committed a crime, when they destroy properties or when they use violence over people. Employers should not hire any immigrant without verifying that his documents are legal but this is difficult and the reason is that employers prefer to hire those people because they pay less money. There is still an argument as to whether illegal immigration has negative or positive effects to a country. Some people argue that illegal immigration is good for any country because of the low payments and others claim that illegal immigrants take their jobs and damage the country in different ways and one example is the overpopulation. It would be better to restrict the illegal immigrants from the country because from the time that they cross the borders illegally many problems occurring to the country.

Essay --

HIV: The Unveiling of the Virus Scientists believe HIV originated from a chimpanzee in Western Africa. The best approved theory about the source of HIV is that it is a descendant of a related virus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), which infects monkeys (Perlin, David, and Cohen, Ann, 2002, 79-92). People may have come in contact with HIV from hunting and eating infected animals (Perlin, David, and Cohen, Ann, 2002, 79-92). The earliest known case of infection with HIV in a human was identified in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Genetic analysis of this blood sample suggested that HIV-1 may have expanded from a single virus in the late 1940s to early 1950s (â€Å"The AIDS Institute.org,† 2011). Background Information In 1982, public health officials began to use the name acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS, to describe the occurrences of opportunistic infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in previously healthy people. Formal tracking of AIDS cases also began in the United States In 1982. In 1983, scientists discovered the virus that caused AIDS. The virus was first named HTLV-III/LAV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus) by an international scientific committee. The name for HIV was later changed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (â€Å"The AIDS Institute.org,† 2011). There are two species of the virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The first developed from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees, whereas the second came from an SIV in a type of monkey called the sooty mangabey. HIV-1, which is responsible for the majority of AIDS cases worldwide, is divided into three groups—the main group M, the much rarer gro... ...M), predominantly black men, are most seriously affected by HIV. 1,144,500 people over the age of 13 are living with HIV, including 15.8 percent who are unaware. Over the past decade, the number of HIV has risen, while the annual rate of new infections has remained consistent (â€Å"AIDS.gov,† 2012). HIV disease prevails as a serious health issue for parts of the world. Worldwide, there were about 2.5 million new cases of HIV in 2011. Around 34.2 million people are living with HIV around the world. In 2010, there were about 1.8 million deaths in people with AIDS. Nearly 30 million people with AIDS have died worldwide since the epidemic began. Although Sub-Saharan Africa bears the biggest burden of HIV/AIDS, countries such as South and Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and parts of Latin America are significantly affected by HIV and AIDS (â€Å"CDC.gov,† 2013).

Michael Anthony is the writer of Enchanted Alley and Drunkard of the ri

Michael Anthony is the writer of Enchanted Alley and Drunkard of the river Michael Anthony is the writer of 'Enchanted Alley' and 'Drunkard of the river'. He was born in Mayaro in 1932, in Trinidad. He claims, ' My desire was to write about something I knew and experienced'. The Short story 'The Drunkard of the river' is based on the lives of a family that he knew though the tragic ending is made up. 'Enchanted Alley' is one of two stories set in San Fernando by Michael Anthony, it is based on a young boy and the people he encounters during the early hours of the morning on his way to school. Michael Anthony spent a childhood year and many of his adolescent years in San Fernando. There are rational differences in, 'The Drunkard of the River' and 'Enchanted Alley'. 'The Drunkard of the river' has a depressing atmosphere and feel. The main character is insulted and not taken into consideration; eventually it makes him feel insignificant and ends up murdering his father. Characters in the story are referred to animal characteristics; "The lion in him had changed into ...

Philosophy with Logic

Philosophy with Logic What is philosophy? Philosophy has many questions- Asking the right questions†¦ From Greek word PHILO (Love) & SOPHIA (Wisdom) which means lover of wisdom * PHYTAGORAS, a Greek Philosopher, was the first to use the term Philosophy. * He noted that there are three types of man: a. lover of pleasure b. lover of success c. lover of wisdom * the last, according to him, is the SUPERIOR TYPE. * Wisdom here deals with the principles of things, the first cause of all beings.It deals with an understanding on the meaning of one’s existence and the importance of things around her/ him (Socio, 2007) The chief goal of wisdom is a fundamental understanding of reality as it relates to living a good life. * We might say then, that wisdom is good judgement about complex situations. Consequently, wisdom involves reflection, insight, a capacity to learn from experience and some plausible conception of the human condition (Buenaflor, 2009). Philosophy is a search for me aning and therefore intended only for the rational beings.He who has the why of things can bear almost any how†¦- Victor Frankyl Philosophy uses reason to attain its object. Whatever is one’s state in life, whenever she is and whatever she does she will always be left philosophizing. Therefore philosophy is always present. Philosophy- The science of all things by their first causes as known by the light of reason Philosophy covered all aspects of human knowledge. The early philosophers believed that philosophy is the foundation of all learning in the possibility of a total world picture and in the unity of all truths- whether scientific, ethical, religious or aesthetic.Philosophy as subject sought to provide if not all the answers the, the answers to at least the most ultimate and fundamental questions. Why study Philosophy? The study of Philosophy is very important because it offers students a chance to explore the fundamental questions about human existence and to see exactly what thinkers in different periods have had about the essence of human being. Philosophy can help clarify our thoughts. The clearer a person thinks the more she/he expresses himself/herself and more accurate way of examining and making decisions about life.It is philosophy that digs into the root causes of man’s problems and discovers the true solutions and remedies to human ills. Plato- The Philosopher King Why study Philosophy? Philosophy is one of the best ways of enriching your life, even as it prepares you for life. Philosophy's critical skills offer the best defense against foolishness and falsehoods. Philosophy is one of the most practical subjects in college. Logic helps the students in the following areas: * Interpretation ; Analysis * Abstract Reasoning * Research ; Synthesis * Communications Branches of Philosophy Logic- the science of correct reasoning * Epistemology- it deals with the origin and validity of human knowledge * Metaphysics- it deals with the study of beings and the origin of things. * Theodicy- the study of God in the light of natural reason. (Philosophy of Religion) * Cosmology- the study of the universe from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophical or Rational Psychology- the study of man not only as a thinking or sensing being but as compose of body and soul * Ethics- a philosophical study that deals with how life should be lived and the means of attaining a meaningful existence. *Aesthetics or Philosophy of Arts- deals with the philosophical study of arts and beauty. It answers the question like What is beauty? Philosophy can also be divided into the following branches called Philosophies of Discipline * Philosophy of Persons- it deals with the study about the dignity of man, truth, freedom, justice, love, death and his relationship with others and with God. * Social Philosophy- it deals with the philosophical study of a society and its institutions. It is concerned in determining the features of the best society as it deals with the study of relationships of the human person. Philosophy of Science- This deals with the justification and objectivity of scientific knowledge. * Philosophy of mathematics- The aim of philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and its importance. * Philosophy of Law- This branch of philosophy deals with the why’s of the law. It also aims to guide people’s actions in political community and thereby protect basic interests or rights. * Philosophy of Education- This branch of philosophy provides a philosophical understanding of the issues in education.It deals with the different methods of education and its effects in the learning of the human person. * Philosophy of Psychology- it deals with everyday reflections on ones thoughts and deeds and on the behavior of others * Philosophy of Religion- Study of God from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophy of History- This branch of Philosophy is an attempt to answer substantive questions dealing with such matters as the significance or possible purpose of the historical processes and the factors fundamentally responsible for historical development and change. Philosophy of Love- this branch deals with the meaning and value of love in the human person. * Philosophy of Culture- This is the philosophical study of all aspects of human life. Its aim is to interpret and transmit to future generations the system of values. * Philosophy of Women- This is also called philosophy of feminism, which refers to the study of the legal and political rights of women, as well as the relationship between the sexes in terms of inequality, subordination, or oppression. What is the basic requirement of becoming a Philosopher? – The faculty of wonder philosophy asks the question WHY? Where did Philosophy originates? West- Greece East- China and India Factors that contribute to the development of Philosophy in Greece * Geography * Invention of Games * Invention of coins * Myths Logic Etymologically, Logic is deduced from the Greek word Logike denoting a treatise on matters pertaining to thought. The term was coined by Zeno the Stoic. St. Thomas Aquinas defines Logic as the art that directs the reasoning process so that man may attain knowledge of truth in an orderly way, with ease and without error.As art, Logic is the tool of all sciences. The Scholastics considered it as â€Å"the art of all other arts† because it is used in every science and in every practical endeavor. As science, Logic studies the logical properties involved in the act of knowledge such as the logic of notions or concepts, the logic of judgement, the logic of reasoning and the logic of science. As science, Logic is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing the habit of critical thinking and reasoning. History of Logic Zeno the Stoic coined the actual name Logic.He established the rules of argumentation to clarify the nature of c oncepts by using the Prior and Posterior analytics of Aristotle’s logical works. This endeavor degenerated because of the clever rhetoric and subtle persuasion of the Sophists. Socrates refuted the error by vindicating the value concepts in knowing reality. Plato, the most distinguished student of Socrates, philosophized that truth is the same as the ultimate, ideal reality. Aristotle corrected this error. He wrote six treatises on Logic known as the â€Å"Organon† He stated that ideas are mental operations that exist only in the mind.He is considered as the founder of science. Porphyrius wrote the categories of Aristotle known as â€Å"Isagoge’ Boethius translated Aristotle’s Organon and wrote commentaries on the Isagoge. Avicenna and Averroes wrote commentaries of Aristotle’s Organon Thomas Aquinas wrote commentaries on the logical works of Aristotle Francis Bacon wrote the â€Å"Novum Organon†. He introduced the Theory of Induction. John Stuart Mill developed Bacon’s â€Å"Novum Organon† Recently, George Boole founded the New Symbolic Logic . Because of its limited scope of application its popularity declined. Methods of Reasoning Inductive method- where we can obtain universal knowledge by considering the particular ex. Repeated experience of seeing falling bodies towards the ground. We may induce that this is common to all bodies. * Deductive- When we proceed from universal knowledge to particular cases ex. Logic is divided according to the three acts of the mind. * Apprehension * Judgement * Reasoning Simple Apprehension It is the basic operation of the mind or â€Å"the mental processes by which we grasp the general meaning of the thing without affirming or denying anything about it. It is the basic operation of the mind that leads to a concept; ex. man† â€Å"dog† Judgment It is the act of the mind by which we compare two concepts, either they agree or not. If we put concepts togeth er, the end result is called judgement or proposition. Ex. Man Laughs Reasoning It is the act of the mind by which we derive new truths from previously assumed truth. The mind combines several judgments or propositions in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment; it is called syllogism. Ex. All men are walking Cyrus is a man. Therefore Cyrus is walking. Mental Act External Sign Apprehension Term Judgement Proposition Reasoning SyllogismTerms The term deduced from the Latin â€Å"terminus† is the extramental symbol of an idea. A term is an external expression of an idea. Ideas are mental expressions of external objects. Logical properties of terms * Comprehension of a term- It is the sum total of all the qualities / elements that comprise the meaning of the term; A manifestation of the essence of the object. It is also known as connotation. The comprehension of animal is â€Å"sentient living material substance†. * The Extension of a Term- It is the sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a term can be applied.It is also known as denotation e. g. The extension of the comprehension â€Å"sentient living material substance(animal) is birds, mammals, reptiles, birds, mammals etc.. The comprehension and extension of terms are inversely related. The greater the comprehension the lesser the extension and vice-versa | Comprehension| Extension| Substance| substance| Spirits, minerals, plants, brutes,men| Body| Material substance| Minerals, plants, brutes, men| Organism| Living material substance| plants, brutes, men| Animal| Sentient living material substance| brutes, men| Man| Rational sentient living material substance| Men|Classification of Terms I. According to Extension Extension of Terms- is defined as property of a term by which such a term is applied to other things. Terms have three extensions namely Singular, Particular and Universal * Singular Term is an extension of term that stands for a single definite individual or group. It is used to specify the individual or group. It is quantified by: * Demonstrative pronouns- This, That e. g. this book, that boy * The article â€Å"the† connotes a single idea e. g. the cup, the umbrella * Personal Pronouns- I, You, He, my, yours , he ,she Collective nouns- flock, clan, team * Particular Terms-stand for a definite part of the absolute extension. This is applied to a given part of a given group. Particular terms have the following quantifiers 1. ) Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives- Some, few, many, most, several, not all, etc. e. g. some people, most roads 2. ) Use of Numbers- seven candidates 3. ) Articles â€Å"A† and â€Å"AN† give a particular idea e. g. a saucer, an umbrella Universal terms- stands for every subject signified. This is when meaning is extended to each and every member of the group. The signs of universality are: 1. Universal Expression/Quantifiers- all, every, each, whatever, whoever, which ever, without excepti on, everything, no, no one etc. e. g. Ex. No man is an island; All students of Rogationist College will wear their uniform 2. ) Universal Ideas- e. g. Tomorrow is a new day; Dogs are not cats 3. ) Articles in the Universal idea- e. g. The book has pages; A snake is a dangerous creature II. According to Meaning * Univocal- it signifies the same concept or essence, in (at least) two occurrences of the term e. g. Gloria Arroyo became the President of the Republic of the Philippines; Benigno Aquino jr. s the president of the Republic of the Philippines * Equivocal Term- The term is outwardly or apparently the same but it signifies different concepts or essences. E. g. left (left hand); left ( gone); right (right hand) right (correct) * Analogous term- it expresses partly the same and partly different in meanings ex. Head does not have the same meaning in head of the family and head of a man. III. According to Quality * Positive in form, positive in meaning e. g. life, justice, truth, * Positive in form, negative in meaning e. g. murder, massacre, famine * Negative in form, negative in meaning e. g. mmature, incompetent, dishonest * Negative in form, positive in meaning e. g. immortal, unblemished IV. According to Relation * Compatible- those that can co- exist in a subject examples: wise and good; beauty and brain; rich and famous; tall, dark and handsome; * Incompatible- those that cannot co-exist in a subject. They exclude each other. There are four kinds of incompatible Ideas: * Contradictory- those that express a positive and negative concept. Contradictories are mutually exclusive such that the affirmation of one is the denial of the other. Between them, there is no third (middle) possibility.Examples: legal-illegal; patient-impatient; literate-illiterate; valid-invalid * Contrary- those that express extremes belonging to the same class. Between these ideas, there is a third (middle) ground. Examples: rich-poor; hot-cold; kind-cruel; high-low; beautiful-ugly * Privative- two opposed ideas, one of which expresses perfection, and the other its lack which ought to be possessed. Examples: sight-blindness; truth-error; hearing-deafness; good-evil * Correlative- two opposed ideas that bear mutual relation to one another such that one can’t be understood without the other.They imply each other because one depends the other. Examples: cause-effect; whole-part; husband wife; parent-child According to Object 1. ) Real- it expresses something that has existential actuality, whether positive or negative. Examples: clarity, temperance, scandal, unemployment, chair, table 2. ) Logical- it is used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning. Examples: subject, predicate, classification, division, phyla, genera 3. ) Imaginary- it has no correspondence in reality but is merely a concoction of the mind.Examples: Spider man, flying carpet, darna, talking tree According to Comprehension * Concrete- the term is used to express concrete concepts suc h as those perceivable by the senses or whose referent is tangible. Example: ball, desk, table,brilliant lawyer * Abstract- The term is used to express abstract concepts such as those understood by the mind or whose referent is intangible. The term denotes being, quality, quantity or relationship. It denotes the property of a thing regarded as an entity by itself. Examples: humanity, dullness. Kindness